The experimental setup of microcoagulation, water backwash, chemical enhanced backwash (CEB) and cleaning in place (CIP) processes is shown in Figure 1. These results demonstrated that microcoagulation could improve the performance of the UF–RO system treating the effluent with high and fluctuant salinity from a coastal municipal wastewater treatment plant. The microbial community of the foulant on the membrane was similar to that of UF permeate and RO concentrate.
The microbial communities of water samples and foulant on the RO membrane were similar to those of seawater and foulant on the RO membranes from seawater RO plants. Organic fouling was dominated during the initial stage of the RO membrane fouling. Microcoagulation obviously improved the contaminant removal and cleaning efficiencies, including water backwash, chemical enhanced backwash and cleaning in place processes.
To investigate the effects of microcoagulation on the performance of the UF–reverse osmosis (RO) system treating wastewater with high and fluctuant salinity, different dosages of coagulant (poly-aluminum chloride) were added prior to the UF unit in a pilot-scale UF–RO system for a 10-week period operation. There remains a question, however, whether it is due to the farming practices improved through MyGAP adoption or due to the participation of farms already well-performing prior to MyGAP adoption.Microcoagulation has recently been considered as a promising pretreatment for an ultrafiltration (UF) process from numerous studies. As regards pesticide use practices, certified farms showed a much better performance than uncertified farms in record keeping and pesticide use and management.
Their interests in and assessment of the merits of the scheme are found to concentrate in economic realms rather than in the original policy goal of food safety and quality assurance. The research found that certified farm managers have a much better understanding of the basic intent of the policy than uncertified farms, reflecting the individually oriented interests and motivations of participant farmers in the national scheme. For this objective, 19 MyGAP certified and 57 uncertified durian farms in the state of Pahang, Malaysia were surveyed. This paper investigates the local implementation of Malaysian public GAP standard called MyGAP by examining its effectiveness in raising the awareness and improving the pesticide use practices of participant small-scale farmers toward better food safety and quality assurance.
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